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CAROTENOID REFERENCES

Carotenoid References- The Science

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“Dietary or circulating beta-carotene was inversely associated with risk of all-cause mortality.”  Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 26983.

​“Serum α-carotene concentrations were inversely associated with risk of death from all causes, CVD, cancer, and all other causes. These findings support increasing fruit and vegetable consumption as a means of preventing premature death.” Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(6):507-515.

​“Significant improvement to…fine lines, wrinkles, pore appearance, brightness/radiance, skin tone evenness, dark spot intensity, smoothness and firmness.” Practical Dermatology. March 2023;Vol. 20, No. 3 pp 14-15

​“A systematic review of 11 clinical studies revealed that 3 to 6 mg/d of astaxanthin supplementation for 2 to 16 weeks improved skin texture, appearance (wrinkles), and moisture content.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795.

​“Recent studies have demonstrated that carotenoids also provide photoprotection against UVA-induced pigmentation and inhibit molecular markers of oxidative stress such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1, heme oxygenase-1, and matrix metalloproteinases1 and 9.” Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2021;37:490-504.

“Astaxanthin, in addition to improvement of the appearance of wrinkles, also improved skin elasticity, moisture, age spots, and skin texture.” Antioxidants. 2019. 8(8), 259. [source]

“Published clinical evidence on skin benefits of carotenoids in the last five decades and indicates new perspectives on the role of ingestible carotenoids in skin protection.” Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2021;37:490-504.

“It is shown that individuals with a higher concentration of lycopene in the skin have a significantly smaller amount of wrinkles and furrows than individuals with lower concentrations which fortifies the protective role of lycopene when it comes to pro-oxidative damage.” Antioxidants. 2019. 8(8), 259

“We showed the levels of skin carotenoids in psoriatic patients are lower than in healthy subjects.” Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2021 Mar;37(2):111-114. doi: 10.1111/phpp.12617. Epub 2020 Oct 20

“Patients with psoriasis appear to have lower skin carotenoid counts than patients without psoriasis.” Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology. 2011 August;28(8):945-949. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083-2010.03888.x

​According to a study published on Monday, researchers identified that patients with atopic dermatitis have lower plasma levels of carotenoids and retinoids.” Jurgelewicz, M. Reduced carotenoid and retinoid patients with dermatitis, according to a new study. 2018 Oct 05.

Atopic Dermatitis Link

“p.o. Administration of β-carotene or lycopene prevents AD-like symptoms in association with a suppression of T-helper 2 chemokines in a murine model. Ingestion of carotenoids may be beneficial for patients with AD.” J Dermatol. 2016 Oct;43(10):1188-1192. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.13350

​“Human interventional studies have documented photoprotective effects of many carotenoids, particularly β-carotene, but also lycopene, lutein, and astaxanthin, provided through topical application, or orally, either by a carotenoid-rich diet or by supplementation, but rather long treatment periods with a minimum of 10 weeks were required.” Antioxidants, 2019, 8(8), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080259.

“16mg lycopene per day) with 10g of olive oil over ten weeks led to 40% reduction of skin erythema induced by exposure to solar-simulating UVR.” Antioxidants, 2019, 8(8), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080259.

​“Australian population showed that high dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin was related with a decreased incidence of SCC in persons who had a history of skin cancer.” Antioxidants, 2019, 8(8), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080259.

​“Serum total carotenoid concentration was inversely associated to blood concentrations of two cardiovascular risk factors, C-reactive protein (CRP) and total homocysteine. HDL-cholesterol concentration was found to be positively associated with α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations, but only the latter was inversely associated with LDL-cholesterol. Finally, a recent meta-analysis of observational studies reported lower risks of coronary heart disease (-12%) and stroke (-18%) in individuals in the highest versus lowest tertile of blood lutein concentration. Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids

“Epidemiological studies have revealed positive associations between a higher intake or status of CARs and a lower risk of CVDs. A meta-analysis of RCTs, consisting of 10 studies, revealed that lycopene supplementation considerably decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP), especially among the participants with a baseline SBP >130 mmHg, with a lycopene intake of >15mg/d for >8 weeks.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795.

“Women with higher circulating levels of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein+zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids may be at reduced risk of breast cancer.” J. Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:1905-1916

“In this large prospective analysis with 20 y of follow-up, women with high plasma carotenoids were at reduced breast cancer risk particularly for more aggressive and ultimately fatal disease.” Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:1197-1205

“In the nested case-control study, data from the nurses’ health studies (NHS and NHSII) comprising 1919 cases and 1695 controls showed that higher levels of circulating CARs provided greater protection to the women at high risk (due to genetic predispositions or high mammographic density (MD)) for breast cancer.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795. [source]

Original article:              Am J Clin Nutr. 2021, 113, 525-533

“Dietary or circulating beta-carotene was inversely associated with risk of all-cause mortality.”  Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 26983.

“Eight large prospective cohorts before pooled analysis found reduced breast cancer risk to be associated with the highest versus lowest quintile of blood concentrations of total carotenoids (-21%), β-carotene (-17%), and lycopene (-22%).” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids

“Lutein was inversely associated with colon cancer in both men and women.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):575-82. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/71.2.575.

“The greatest inverse association was observed among subjects in whom colon cancer was diagnosed when they were young and among those with tumors located in the proximal segment of the colon.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):575-82. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/71.2.575.

​“The EPIC study found a 31% lower risk of colorectal cancer with the highest versus lowest quartile of β-carotene intake.” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids

​“A review of 6 cohort, 11 case-control, 3 cross-sectional, and 2 controlled clinical trials of the influence of CARs on prostate cancer occurrence suggested that increase consumption of CARs, especially lycopene from tomatoes, might be related to a reduced risk of developing prostate cancer.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795

“Several early prospective cohort studies have suggested that lycopene-rich diets were associated with significant reductions in the risk of prostate cancer, particularly more aggressive forms.” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids [source]

Original article:         

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“Two case-control and five nested case-control studies showed a 26% lower risk of prostate cancer in participants with the highest serum concentrations of lycopene.” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids

“A meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies investigating the relation between CAR intake or circulating CAR concentrations and bladder cancer risk in men and women, comprising 22 studies involved 516,740 adults, showed that dietary β-cryptoxanthin intake and circulating concentrations of lutein/zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and α-carotene were inversely associated with bladder cancer risk:. Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795

“A Finnish study found a protective effect of dietary lycopene, serum β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin against lung cancer.” Webb, D. Antioxidants: The Carotenoid Color Wheel, Today’s Dietitian, Vol. 19, No. 9, P. 12. [source]

Original articles:            Am J Epidemiol. 2002 ;156(6):536-547

In a meta-analysis of eight prospective cohort studies, including NHS and HPFS, the highest versus lowest quantile of total carotenoid intake was significantly associated with a 21% reduced risk of lung cancer.” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids [source]

Original article:             Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):372-383.

“Epidemiology studies indicated an enhanced risk reduction against late AMD with greater dietary consumption of carotenoids, meanwhile greater concentrations in macular pigment demonstrated significant improvements in visual function among AMD patients. Collectively, evidence strongly suggests that carotenoid vitamin therapies offer remarkable synergic protection in the neurosensory retina, with the potential to serve as adjunctive nutraceutical therapy in the management of established AMD.” Lem, D.W.; Davey, P.G.; Gierhart, D.L.; Rose, R.B. A Systematic Review of Carotenoids in the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081255

“Two large studies have found that carotenoid supplements of lutein and zeaxanthin may slow disease progression, which otherwise is a contributing factor to blindness.” Webb, D. Antioxidants: The Carotenoid Color Wheel, Today’s Dietitian, Vol. 19, No. 9, P. 12.

“However, some studies have found that dietary lutein or zeaxanthin alone can build macular pigment and improve visual acuity.” Webb, D. Antioxidants: The Carotenoid Color Wheel, Today’s Dietitian, Vol. 19, No. 9, P. 12.

“Randomized controlled trial in patients with atrophic AMD found that supplementation with 10 mg/day of lutein slightly improved visual acuity after one year compared to a placebo.” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids [source]

Original article :            Optometry. 2004;75(4):216-230.

Large prospective cohort studies have found that men and women with the highest intakes of foods rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly spinach, kale, and broccoli, were 18%-50% less likely to require cataract extraction or develop cataracts.” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene,

 “Preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies have indicated the beneficial effects of CAR intake on obesity and associated pathophysiological disorders, including low-grade inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795.

“A meta-analysis of seven  RCTs and eight observational studies revealed that low levels of serum CARs are a risk factor for overweight and obesity.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795. [source]

Original article:             Food Funct. 2021, 12, 4768-4782

“Carotenoid supplementation was significantly associated with body weight reductions, body mass index decrease, and waist circumference losses.” Food Funct., 2021,12, 4768-4782.

“Carotenoids show promising effects in overweight or obese subjections. Additional data from large clinical trials are needed.” Food Funct., 2021,12, 4768-4782

​“Levels of 9 biomarkers (body mass index [BMI], brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity [baPWV], systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP AND DBP], homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], blood insulin, fasting blood glucose [FBG], triglycerides [TGs], and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] were determined. Skin carotenoid levels were significantly positively correlated with serum total carotenoids and vegetable intake (r = 0.678 and 0.210, respectively). In women, higher skin carotenoid levels were significantly associated with lower BMI, SBP, DBP, HOMA-IR, blood insulin, and TGs levels and higher HDL-C levels. In men, it was also significantly correlated with BMI and blood insulin levels. In conclusion, dermal carotenoid level may indicate vegetable intake, and the higher level of dermal carotenoids are associated with a lower risk of circulatory diseases and metabolic syndrome.” Nutrients. 2020, 12, 1825; doi:10.3390/nu12061825

“The literature supports the idea that β-carotene acts against type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.” Molecules 2020, 25, 5803; doi:10.3390/molecules25245803

“The antioxidant properties of CARs may help in improving bone health. Cross-sectional data from the 2005-2018 NHANES on individuals with an average age of 61.9 years (57.5% female) and valid data of CAR intake and bone mineral density (BMD) showed a lower risk of osteoporosis among the individuals with a high intake of β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795.

“In a prospective cohort study among the elder participants (average age of 61 years) in Framingham offspring study, higher intakes of total CARs lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene were associated with an increased annualized change in grip strength and faster gait speed.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795

"The 17-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study (946 participants) showed those in the highest tertile of total carotenoid intake (median intake 23.7 mg/day) had a 51% lower risk of hip fracture compared to those in the lowest tertile (median intake: 7.3 mg/day). In a much larger prospective study – the Singapore Chinese Health Study – in 63,257 men and women followed for 10  years, the highest versus lowest quartile of total carotenoid intake was associated with a 37% lower risk of hip fracture in men but not in women.” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids

“The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of CARs protect against cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795.

“A pooled meta-analysis of nine RCTs with a total of 4402 nondemented subjects (age ranging from 45 to 78 years) revealed significant beneficial effect of CAR intervention on cognitive functions (Hedge’s g=0.14).” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795

“In a community-based cohort of 927 older (average age of 81 years) Midwestern US residents with an average follow-up of 7 years, a higher intake (assessed using FFQ) of total CARs (in particular lutein/zeaxanthin) was associated with a substantially lower hazard of AD, possibly through inhibition of brain β-amyloid deposition and fibril formation.” Antioxidants 2022, 11,795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795

“Higher intake of total carotenoids was associated with substantially lower hazard of AD after controlling for age, sex, education, and ApoE-ε4, participation in cognitively stimulating activities, and physical activity level.” Am J Clin Nutr 2021;113:200-208.

“Our findings support a beneficial role of total carotenoid consumption, in particular lutein/zeaxanthin, on AD incidence that may be related to the inhibition of brain β-amyloid deposition and fibril formation.” Am J Clin Nutr 2021;113:200-208.

“Brain lutein concentrations were found to be significantly lower in individuals with mild cognitive impairment compared to those with  normal cognitive function. In a small, four-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in older women (ages, 60 to 80  years) without cognitive impairment, supplementation with lutein (12 mg/day) and zeaxanthin (~0.5 mg/day) significantly improved cognitive test performance.” Higdon Ph.D., J. Linus Pauling Institute α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. 2004. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids [source]

Original articles:          J Aging Res. 2013;2013:951786

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